Sezvo budiriro inokura, simba rinodiwa kutsigira mararamiro edu rinowedzera zuva rega rega, zvinoda kuti tiwane nzira itsva uye itsva dzekushandisa zviwanikwa zvedu zvinogoneka, sechiedza chezuva, kugadzira simba rakawanda kuti nzanga yedu ienderere mberi.
Chiedza chezuva chakapa uye chakagonesa hupenyu papasi redu kwemazana emakore.Kungave zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga, zuva rinobvumira chizvarwa chezvinenge zvese zvinozivikanwa zvesimba zviwanikwa zvakaita semafuta efossil, hydro, mhepo, biomass, etc.Sezvo budiriro inokura, simba rinodiwa kutsigira. mararamiro edu anowedzera zuva rega rega, zvinoda kuti isu tiwane nzira itsva uye itsva dzekushandisa zviwanikwa zvedu zvinogoneka, sechiedza chezuva, kugadzira simba rakawanda kuti nzanga yedu ienderere mberi.
Sekare senyika yekare isu takakwanisa kurarama nesimba rezuva, tichishandisa chiedza chezuva sechitubu chesimba chakabva muzvivako zvakavakwa makore anopfuura 6 000 apfuura, nekutarisa imba kuitira kuti chiedza chezuva chipfuure nepamazaru anoita sechimiro chekupisa. .Zviuru zvemakore gare gare, vaEgipita navaGiriki vakashandisa nzira imwe cheteyo kuchengeta dzimba dzavo dzichitonhora mukati mechirimo nokudzidzivirira kuzuva [1].Mafafitera makuru epane imwe chete anoshandiswa semafafitera anopisa ezuva, achibvumira kupisa kunobva kuzuva kupinda asi kuteya. kupisa mukati.Chiedza chezuva chaisangokosha chete pakupisa kwachaibudisa munyika yekare, asi chaishandiswawo kuchengetedza uye kuchengetedza zvokudya kuburikidza nemunyu.Mukuita salinization, zuva rinoshandiswa kubudisa mvura yegungwa ine chepfu uye kuwana munyu, unounganidzwa. mumadziva ezuva [1].Mukupera kweRenaissance, Leonardo da Vinci akakurudzira yekutanga kushandiswa kwemaindasitiri kweconcave mirror solar concentrators sezvidziva zvemvura, uye gare gare Leonardo akakurudzirawo tekinoroji yewelding copp.er kushandisa mwaranzi yezuva uye kubvumira zvigadziriso zvehunyanzvi kuti zvishandise michina yemucheka [1].Nenguva isipi munguva yeIndustrial Revolution, W. Adams akagadzira yava kunzi hovhoni yezuva.Hovhoni iyi ine magirazi egirazi masere anoenzanirana esirivha anoumba chiratidziro cheoctagonal.Sunlight is yakamisikidzwa nemagirazi mubhokisi repuranga rakavharwa negirazi umo hari ichaiswa uye ichirega ichivira[1] .Nekukurumidza mberi kwemazana mashoma emakore uye injini yehutsi hwezuva yakavakwa makore akapoteredza 1882 [1].Abel Pifre akashandisa girazi rakakomberedzwa 3.5 m muhupamhi uye akaiisa pane cylindrical steam boiler iyo yakagadzira simba rakakwana kutyaira muchina wekudhinda.
Muna 2004, gwenya remagetsi rezuva rekutanga pasi rose rinodaidzwa kuti Planta Solar 10 rakavambwa muSeville, Spain. Chiedza chezuva chinotaridzwa pashongwe inosvika 624 metres, panogadzikwa maginareta ezuva ane maturbine nemajenareta. Izvi zvinokwanisa kugadzira simba. kupa simba dzimba dzinopfuura 5 500. Anenge makore gumi gare gare, muna 2014, gwenya guru remagetsi ezuva rakavhurwa muCalifornia, U.S.A. Chigadzirwa chacho chakashandisa magirazi anodzorwa anopfuura 300 000 uye chakabvumira kugadzirwa kwe377 megawatts emagetsi kusimbisa dzimba dzinenge 140 000 [ 1].
Haisi mafekitari chete ari kuvakwa uye kushandiswa, asi vatengi vari muzvitoro zvezvitoro vari kugadzirawo matekinoroji matsva.Magetsi ezuva akatanga, uye kunyange mota dzinoshandisa solar dzakatanga kushanda, asi chimwe chezvichangobva kuitika zvichaziviswa izuva idzva. Nekubatanidza USB yekubatanidza kana zvimwe midziyo, inobvumira kubatana kubva mukupfeka kuenda kune zvishandiso sezvinobva, nharembozha uye maearbud, ayo anogona kubhadhariswa uchifamba.Makore mashoma apfuura, chikwata chevaongorori vekuJapan paRiken. Institute uye Torah Industries yakatsanangura kugadzirwa kweiyo yakaonda organic solar cell iyo yaizopisa-inodhinda zvipfeko pazvipfeko, zvichibvumira sero kutora simba rezuva uye kurishandisa sesimba rinobva [2] ].Micro solar masero ari organic photovoltaic masero ane thermal. kugadzikana uye kushanduka kusvika ku 120 ° C [2] .Nhengo dzeboka rekutsvakurudza rinobva kune organic photovoltaic masero pane chinhu chinonzi PNTz4T [3] .PNTz4T inonzi semiconducting polymer yakambogadzirwa naRiken nokuda kwakanakisisa environmental kugadzikana uye simba guru rekushandura simba, ipapo mativi ose esero akafukidzwa ne elastomer, rubber-like material [3].Mukuita izvi, vakashandisa maviri pre-stretched 500-micron-thick acrylic elastomers inobvumira chiedza kupinda. sero asi kudzivirira mvura nemhepo kupinda muchitokisi.Kushandiswa kwe elastomer iyi kunobatsira kuderedza kuparara kwebhatiri pacharo uye kurebesa upenyu hwayo [3].
Chimwe chezvipingamupinyi zvinonyanya kukosha zveindasitiri ndeyemvura.Kuderera kwemasero aya kunogona kukonzerwa nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana, asi chikuru imvura, muvengi anowanikwa chero tekinoroji.Chero mwando wakawandisa uye kuratidzwa kwenguva refu kumhepo kunogona kukanganisa kushanda zvakanaka. ye organic photovoltaic cells [4].Kunyange iwe uchigona kudzivisa kuwana mvura pakombiyuta yako kana foni muzviitiko zvakawanda, haugoni kuidzivirira nenguvo dzako.Ingave kunaya kana muchina wekugeza, mvura haidzivisiki.Mushure mekuedza kwakasiyana-siyana pa yakasununguka-yakamira organic photovoltaic cell uye kaviri-sided coated organic photovoltaic cell, zvose organic photovoltaic masero akanyudzwa mumvura kwemaminitsi 120, zvakagumiswa kuti simba remahara-yakamira organic photovoltaic cell yaive Kushandurwa kwemaitiro kunongoderedzwa chete. 5.4%.Masero akadzikira ne20.8% [5].
Mufananidzo 1. Yakajairika simba rekushandurwa kwesimba sekushanda kwekunyudza nguva.Mazariro ekukanganisa pane girafu anomiririra kutsauka kwemaitiro kwakajairwa nerevo yesimba rekutanga rekushandura efficiencies mune yega yega [5].
Mufananidzo 2 unoratidza chimwe chiitiko paNottingham Trent University, diki diki solar sero rinogona kuiswa mushinda, iro rinobva rarukwa kuita textile [2].Bateri rimwe nerimwe rinosanganisirwa muchigadzirwa rinosangana nemamwe maitiro ekushandiswa, sezvinodiwa 3mm kureba uye 1.5mm yakafara[2].Chikwata chega chega chakanamwa neresin isingapinde mvura kubvumira kuwachira kuwacha muimba yekugezera kana nekuda kwemamiriro ekunze [2].Mabhatiri akagadzirirwawo kunyaradzwa, uye rimwe nerimwe rinoiswa mu nzira isingabudi kana kutsamwisa ganda remupfeki.Mukumwe tsvagiridzo zvakaonekwa kuti muchidimbu chembatya chakafanana ne5cm ^2 chikamu chejira chinogona kunge chine masero anopfuura mazana maviri, achigadzira 2.5 - 10 volts yesimba, uye akagumisa kuti kunongova ne2000 masero Masero anoda kukwanisa kuchaja ma smartphones [2].
Mufananidzo 2. Micro solar masero 3 mm kureba uye 1.5 mm yakafara (mufananidzo nerubatsiro rweNottingham Trent University) [2].
Photovoltaic machira anosanganisa mapolymers maviri asingaremi uye asingadhuri kuti agadzire machira ekugadzira simba. Yekutanga yezvikamu zviviri ndeye micro solar cell, iyo inokohwa simba kubva muchiedza chezuva, uye yechipiri ine nanogenerator, iyo inoshandura magetsi emagetsi kuita magetsi [ 6] .Chikamu che photovoltaic chemucheka chinosanganisira polymer fibers, iyo inobva yaputirwa nezvikamu zve manganese, zinc oxide (a photovoltaic material), uye iodide yemhangura (yekuunganidza mari) [6].Masero anobva arukwa pamwe chete tambo duku yemhangura uye yakabatanidzwa muchipfeko.
Chakavanzika chezvitsva izvi chiri mumagetsi akajeka emagetsi e-flexible photovoltaic.Transparent conductive electrodes chimwe chezvikamu pamasero e-photovoltaic anobvumira chiedza kupinda muchitokisi, kuwedzera chiyero chekuunganidza chiedza.Indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) inoshandiswa. kugadzira maelectrode akajeka aya, ayo anoshandiswa pakujeka kwawo kwakanaka (> 80%) uye kunaka kweshizha kuramba pamwe chete nekugadzikana kwezvakatipoteredza [7].ITO yakakosha nekuti zvese zvinoriumba zviri pedyo-zvakakwana.Chiyero che ukobvu hwakasanganiswa nekujeka uye kushorwa kunowedzera mhedzisiro yemagetsi [7] .Chero kushanduka kwechiyero kuchakanganisa ma electrode uye nekudaro kushanda.Somuenzaniso, kuwedzera kuwanda kwe electrode kunoderedza kujeka uye kushorwa, zvichiita kuti kuderedzwa kwekuita. Zvakadaro, ITO ishoo inopera inopedzwa nekukasira. Tsvakurudzo yanga ichienderera mberi kutsvaga imwe nzira isingangogoneITO, asi inotarisirwa kudarika kuita kweITO [7].
Zvinhu zvakadai semapolymer substrates zvakagadziridzwa ne transparent conductive oxides zvakakura mukuzivikanwa kusvika ikozvino.Zvinosuruvarisa, idzi substrates dzakaratidzwa kuva dzakaoma, dzakaoma uye dzinorema, izvo zvinoderedza zvakanyanya kushanduka uye kushanda [7].Vatsvakurudzi vanopa mhinduro kune kushandisa flexible fiber-like solar cell as electrode replacements.Battery fibrous ine electrode uye maviri akasiyana masimbi ematare akamonyoroka uye akabatanidzwa nechinhu chinoshanda kuti atsive electrode [7] .Masero ezuva akaratidza kuvimbiswa nekuda kwehuremu hwavo. , asi dambudziko nderokushayikwa kwekubatana kwenzvimbo pakati pematare esimbi, iyo inoderedza nzvimbo yekubatana uye nokudaro inoguma nekuderera kwe photovoltaic performance [7].
Zvinhu zvakatipoteredza zvinokurudzirawo kuenderera mberi nekutsvakurudza.Parizvino, nyika inovimba zvakanyanya nemagetsi asingadzokeri emagetsi akadai sefossil, marasha nemafuta. imari inodiwa yeramangwana.Zuva rega rega mamiriyoni evanhu anochaja mafoni avo, makombiyuta, malaptop, smartwachi nemidziyo yese yemagetsi, uye kushandisa machira edu kubhadharisa midziyo iyi nekufamba chete kunogona kuderedza kushandiswa kwedu kwemafuta. zvidiki pachikero chidiki chevanhu 1 kana 500, kana zvikaiswa makumi emamiriyoni zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya mashandisiro atinoita mafuta efossil.
Solar panels mumagetsi emagetsi ezuva, kusanganisira ayo akaiswa pamusoro pedzimba, anozivikanwa kubatsira kushandisa simba rinovandudzwa uye kuderedza kushandiswa kwefossil, iyo ichiri kushandiswa zvakanyanya.America.Rimwe rematambudziko makuru kune indasitiri kuwana nzvimbo kuvaka mapurazi aya.Avhareji yemhuri inogona kungotsigira imwe nhamba yemagetsi ezuva, uye nhamba yemapurazi ezuva ishoma.Munzvimbo dzine nzvimbo yakakwana, vanhu vakawanda vanogara vachizeza kuvaka gwenya idzva remagetsi ezuva nokuti rinovhara zvachose mukana. uye zvingangoitika zvemimwe mikana panyika, yakadai semabhizimisi matsva.Kune nhamba huru yezvinoyangarara photovoltaic panel installs inogona kuunza magetsi akawanda munguva pfupi yapfuura, uye rubatsiro rukuru rwemapurazi ezuva anoyangarara ndiko kuderedza mari [8]. ivhu harishandiswe, hapana chikonzero chekunetseka nezve mari yekuisa pamusoro pedzimba uye zvivakwa.All parizvino anozivikanwa anoyangarara ezuva mapurazi ari panzvimbo yekugadzira mvura mitumbi, uye mune ramangwana it i izvinogoneka kuisa mapurazi aya pamitumbi yemvura chaiyo.Madhamu ekugadzira ane zvakawanda zvakanakira zvisingawanzike munyanza [9].Madhamu anogadzirwa nevanhu ari nyore kubata, uye ane zvivakwa zvekare uye migwagwa, mapurazi anogona kungoiswa.Mapurazi ezuva anoyangarara akaonekwawo kuti ane zvibereko kupfuura land-based solar farms nekuda kwekusiyana kwetembiricha pakati pemvura nenyika [9].Nekuda kwekupisa kwakanyanya kwemvura, tembiricha yepasi inowanzokwirira kupfuura yemitumbi yemvura, uye tembiricha yakakwira yakaratidza kukanganisa Kuchinja kwematembiricha ezuva.Kunyange zvazvo tembiricha isingadzore kuti chiedza chezuva chinotambirwa nechiedza chakawanda sei, zvinokanganisa mangani simba raunowana kubva muchiedza chezuva.Pane simba rakaderera (kureva, kutonhorera), maerekitironi ari mukati mepanera rezuva achange ari mukati. mamiriro ekuzorora, uye kana chiedza chezuva chichirova, vachasvika kune imwe nzvimbo inofadza [10] .Musiyano pakati pemamiriro ekuzorora nemamiriro ekufara ndeyekuti simba rakawanda rinogadzirwa sei mumagetsi.Kwete chete inogona sunlight inonakidza maerekitironi aya, asi inogonawo kupisa.Kana kupisa kwakatenderedza solar panel kunopa maerekitironi simba uye kuaisa mukufara kwakaderera, magetsi haazove akakura kana chiedza chezuva charova mapaneru [10].Sezvo nyika inotora uye ichibuda. kupisa kuri nyore kupfuura mvura, maerekitironi ari mupanera rezuva riri panyika angangove ari mukufara kwepamusoro, uye ipapo solar panel inowanikwa kana kuti pedyo nemvura inotonhorera.Dzimwe tsvakurudzo yakaratidza kuti kutonhora kwemhepo iyo mvura yakatenderedza mapaneru anoyangarara inobatsira kuburitsa 12.5% yakawanda simba pane pasi [9].
Kusvika pari zvino, solar panel dzinosangana chete 1% yesimba rinodiwa neAmerica, asi dai mapurazi ezuva aya akadyarwa pachikamu chimwe muzvina chemadziva emvura akagadzirwa nevanhu, solar panels yaizosangana neinoda 10% yesimba rinodiwa neAmerica.KuColorado, uko kunoyangarara. mapaneru akaunzwa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira, madhamu makuru maviri emvura muColorado akarasikirwa nemvura yakawanda nokuda kwokupfupfudzika, asi kupfurikidza nokuisa mapanera aya anoyangarara, madhamu akadziviswa kuoma uye magetsi akagadzirwa [11].Kunyange chikamu chimwe muzana chomunhu. -made reservoirs ane mapurazi ezuva angave akakwana kugadzira kanenge 400 gigawatts emagetsi, anokwana kupa simba 44 bhiriyoni magirobhu e LED kwerinopfuura gore.
Mufananidzo 4a unoratidza kuwedzera kwesimba kunopiwa nesero inoyangarara yezuva maererano neMufananidzo 4b.Kunyange zvazvo pave nemapurazi mashoma anoyangarara ezuva mumakore gumi apfuura, vachiri kuita mutsauko mukuru wakadaro mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi.Munguva yemberi, apo mapurazi ezuva anoyangarara kuwanda, simba rose rinogadzirwa rinonzi rakapetwa katatu kubva pa0.5TW muna 2018 kusvika 1.1TW pakupera kwa2022.[12].
Tichitaura nezvezvakatipoteredza, aya mapurazi ezuva anoyangarara anobatsira zvikuru munzira dzakawanda.Kuwedzera pakuderedza kuvimba nemafuta efosi, mapurazi ezuva anoderedzawo kuwanda kwemhepo nechiedza chezuva chinosvika pamusoro pemvura, izvo zvingabatsira kudzosera kushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze [9].A purazi rinoderedza kumhanya kwemhepo uye chiedza chezuva chakananga chinorova pamusoro pemvura nechikamu chegumi kubva muzana chinogona kupedza makore gumi akazara ekudziya kwepasi. kuita pamusoro pemvura, nokudaro kuderedza kukukurwa kwemahombekombe erwizi, kudzivirira nekukurudzira zvinomera.[13].Hapana mhedzisiro inetsanangudzo yekuti zvipenyu zvemugungwa zvinokanganisika here, asi matanho akadai seyakazara goko rebio-hut yakagadzirwa neEcocean ane yakanyura pasi pe photovoltaic panels kuti ikwanise kutsigira upenyu hwemugungwa.[13].Chimwe chezvinonyanya kunetsa tsvakurudzo inoenderera mberi ndeyekukanganisa kunogona kuitika pamaketani ezvokudya nekuda kwekuiswa kwezvivako zvakadai se.photovoltaic panels pamvura yakashama panzvimbo pemadziva akaitwa nevanhu.Sezvo chiedza chishoma chezuva chichipinda mumvura, chinokonzera kuderera kwehuwandu hwephotosynthesis, zvichikonzera kurasikirwa kukuru kwephytoplankton uye macrophytes.Nekuderedzwa kwezvirimwa izvi, kukanganisa kwemhuka kuderera kwechikafu, zvichingodaro, kunotungamirira kumari yezvipenyu zvemumvura [14].Kunyange zvisati zvaitika, izvi zvinogona kudzivirira kumwe kukuvadzwa kungangoitika kune ecosystem, dambudziko guru remapurazi ezuva anoyangarara.
Sezvo zuva riri iro tsime redu guru resimba, zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kuwana nzira dzekushandisa simba iri uye kurishandisa munharaunda dzedu. Michina mitsva uye zvitsva zvinowanikwa zuva rega rega zvinoita kuti izvi zviitike.Kunepo pasina zvipfeko zvakawanda zvinopfekwa zvemagetsi ezuva. kutenga kana kutenderera mapurazi ezuva kuti ushanyire izvozvi, izvo hazvichinje chokwadi chekuti tekinoroji haina simba rakakura kana ramangwana rakajeka.Maseru ezuva anoyangarara ane nzira refu yekuenda mune yemhuka yesango kuti ave akajairika se solar panels pamusoro pedzimba.Masero ezuva anopfekeka ane nzira refu asati awanda sembatya dzatinopfeka mazuva ese.Munguva yemberi, masero ezuva anotarisirwa kushandiswa muhupenyu hwezuva nezuva pasina kuvanzwa pakati pe nguo.Sezvo tekinoroji ichifambira mberi mumakumi emakore anotevera, kugona kweindasitiri yezuva hakuperi.
Nezve Raj Shah Dr. Raj Shah ndiye mutungamiriri weKoehler Instrument Company muNew York, kwaakashanda kwemakore 27. Ndiye mumwe waakasarudzwa nevamwe vake paIChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSMTC, Institute of Physics, Institute of Energy Research and the Royal Society of Chemistry.ASTM Eagle Award akagamuchira Dr. Shah nguva pfupi yadarika akabatanidza bhuku rinotengeswa zvikuru "Fuels and Lubricants Handbook," ruzivo rwunowanikwa muASTM's Long Awaited Fuels and Lubricants Handbook, 2nd Edition - Chikunguru 15, 2020 - David Phillips - Petro Indasitiri Nhau Chinyorwa - Petro Online (petro-online.com)
Dr. Shah ane PhD muChemical Engineering kubva kuPenn State University uye Shamwari yeChartered School of Management, London.Ndiye zvakare Chartered Scientist weScientific Council, Chartered Petroleum Engineer weEnergy Institute uye UK Engineering Council.Dr.Shah achangobva kukudzwa seInjiniya Anoremekedzwa naTau beta Pi, sangano guru reinjiniya muUnited States. Ari pamabhodhi ekupa mazano eFarmingdale University (Mechanical Technology), Auburn University (Tribology), uye Stony Brook University (Chemical Engineering/ Zvishandiso Sainzi uye Injiniya).
Raj i adjunct purofesa muDhipatimendi reZvinhu Sainzi uye Chemical Engineering paSUNY Stony Brook, akaburitsa zvinyorwa zvinopfuura 475 uye anga achishanda mundima yesimba kwemakore anopfuura 3. Rumwe ruzivo nezve Raj runogona kuwanikwa kuKoehler Instrument Company's Director. akasarudzwa seMumwe paInternational Institute of Physics Petro Online (petro-online.com)
Ms. Mariz Baslious naVaBlerim Gashi vadzidzi vemakemikari einjiniya paSUNY, uye Dr. Raj Shah vanotungamira bato reyunivhesiti rekunze. Mariz naBlerim chikamu chechirongwa chekudzidzira basa chiri kukura paKoehler Instrument, Inc. muHoltzville, NY, icho inokurudzira vadzidzi kuti vadzidze zvakawanda nezvenyika yeimwe simba tekinoroji.
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-12-2022
